The Role of Political Protest

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Standard 4.12: The Role of Political Protest

Examine the role of political protest in a democracy. (Massachusetts Curriculum Framework for History and Social Studies) [8.T4.12]

Rosa Parks being fingerprinted
Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested for boycotting public transportation, Montgomery, Alabama, February, 1956
Public domain photograph from The Plain Dealer newspaper

The right to protest is essential in a democracy. It is a means for people to express dissatisfaction with current situations and assert demands for social, political, and economic change. Protests make change happen and throughout the course of United States history it has taken sustained protests over long periods of time to bring about substantive change in governmental policies and the lives of people. Protest takes political courage as well, the focal point of Standard 4.11 in this book.
The United States emerged from American protests against England’s colonial rule. Founded in 1765, the Sons of Liberty and the Daughters of Libertyorganized protests against what they considered to be unfair British laws. In 1770, the Boston Massacre happened when British troops fired on protestors. Then, there was the Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773) when 60 Massachusetts colonists dumped 342 chests of tea—enough to make 19 million cups—into Boston Harbor. In 1775, there were armed skirmishes between colonists and British soldiers at Lexington and Concord. Three years later in the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson affirmed the importance of protest when he wrote:

When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. (National Archives)

Many of the most impactful events in United States history have been political protests:

  • In 1848, women activists organized the Seneca Falls Convention and issued the Declaration of Sentiments, a foundational document in the struggle for women’s rights and equality.
  • In 1932, the Federal Government sent troops using tear gas and bayonets against the Bonus Army marchers (World War I veterans), many of whom were out of work because of the Depression who had come to Washington, D.C. to protest having not received promised bonuses for serving in the war. It took four years for them to get their money.
  • In 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, begun by Rosa Parks and activists including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., changed the course of the Civil Rights Movement, inspiring the 1960 Greensboro and Nashville sit-ins, the 1963 Birmingham Children’s Crusade, the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the 1965 March on Selma and Bloody Sunday, and many more protests that led to legislation and change for African Americans.
  • Other protests in recent U.S. history include the anti-Vietnam War demonstrations of the 1960s and early 1970s, Native American sovereignty actions including the occupation of Alcatraz Island in San Francisco, the Stonewall Riots, the Occupy Wall Street demonstrations in 2011, and School Strikes for Climate in 2019 (A Recent History of Protest in America, The New York Times, June 28, 2020, p. 4).
  • Black Lives Matter protests, beginning in May 2020, saw millions of people in more than 550 cities and towns across the nation engage in weeks of marches and demonstrations over the death of George Floyd, an unarmed African American man, by Minneapolis, Minnesota police officers on May 25, and the earlier March 13 fatal shooting of Breonna Taylor by Louisville, Kentucky police officers.
Boston_George_Floyd_Protest
“Boston George Floyd Protest, Boston Common”
by GorillaWarfare is licensed under CC BY 4.0

As people marched in the streets and in some places encountered law enforcement and National Guard troops firing tear gas and rubber bullets, the nation witnessed a remarkable set of statements about the death of George Floyd, the right to peaceful protest, and the need for racial justice, including voices from across the political spectrum:

By the beginning of July, reported the New York Times, between 15 to 26 million people had participated in the protests, as shown on this interactive map of George Floyd/Black Lives Matter protests. These turnout numbers would make this the largest protest participation movement in the country’s history.
How has political protest driven social and political change in U.S. history? The modules for this standard explore this question from three distinct standpoints: the doctrine of civil disobedience; examples of impactful marches and demonstrations; and how activists can use books and music to express ideas for change.

Modules for this Standard Include:

  1. INVESTIGATE: Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Doctrine of Nonviolence Protest and Civil Disobedience
  2. UNCOVER: Three Historical Examples of Political Protest
    2.1 The Stonewall Uprising (1969)
    2.2 Mother Jones and the March of the Mill Children (1903)
    2.3 The Standing Rock Pipeline Protest (2016-2017)
  3. ENGAGE: Can Books and Music Express Political Protest?

1. INVESTIGATE: Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Doctrine of Nonviolent Civil Disobedience

Political protest is an action or a series of actions by a group of people who seek to: 1) express their disapproval of current conditions, 2) address injustices in the political system, and 3) advocate for changes in government or business policies.
We the Voters: Do Political Protests Make A Difference, a video from CBS News, introduces political protest and how it can be used to create political, economic and social change.
There are two main forms of political protest — nonviolent and violent. Nonviolent protests involve using peaceful methods to bring about political change such as petitions, strikes, boycotts, rallies, and marches. Violentprotests involve using aggressive methods to try to bring about political change such as acts of terrorism, destruction of property, bodily harm, and riots.
The Indian independence leader Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi was one of history’s most famous proponents of nonviolent protest and resistance, what is widely known as Civil Disobedience (Civil Disobedience Defined, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Gandhi believed violence was a clumsy weapon that created far more problems than it solved. Gandhi held that by refusing to rebel violently against British oppression, native Indians would expose the colonists as the real savages who were waging warfare against a peaceable and innocent community.

Studio photograph of Mohandas K. Gandhi, London, 1931.
Studio photograph of Mohandas K. Gandhi, London, 1931 | Public Domain

Gandhi’s idea of “satyagraha” or civil disobedience is explained in these primary sources and background information. Here is background on the concept of Ahimsa (harmlessness). There is more information about civil disobedience as a form of political protest at the resourcesforhistoryteacherswiki page for Imperialism in India and South Asia in the 19th century.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. adopted nonviolent direct action and civil disobedience as a central strategy for the post-World War II African American Civil Rights Movement. Nonviolence, he said, “is a powerful and just weapon, which cuts without wounding and ennobles the man who wields it. It is a sword that heals.” He laid out Six Principles of Nonviolence. Read more about King’s philosophy in his 1957 article Nonviolence and Racial Justice. Read Walden by Henry David Thoreau and Antigone by Sophocles for additional perspectives on civil disobedience.

Suggested Learning Activities

Online Resources for Civil Disobedience and Nonviolent Protest

2.1. UNCOVER: The Stonewall Uprising, June 28, 1969

In early summer 1969, at the Stonewall bar in New York City, tensions between police and LGBTQIA patrons reached a boiling point. Members of the gay community, tired of being judged, ridiculed, and imprisoned (at the time, it was illegal to be gay), rose up against police harassment and brutality.
A raid on the Stonewall bar set off six days of violent confrontations between gay, lesbian, and transgender individuals and police officers. What has become known as the Stonewall Uprising or the Stonewall Riots ignited the gay rights movement (The Stonewall Riot and Its Aftermath).

Stonewall 25th anniversary button
This button commemorates the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Stonewall riots, which took place in 1969. The riots erupted following a police raid targeting the gay community on June 28 at the Stonewall Inn in the Greenwich Village area of New York City. Image by Minnesota Historical Society is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0)

Thirty years later, June 6, 2019, the New York City Police Commissioner James O’Neill formally apologized for police actions during the Stonewall Uprising. Commissioner O’Neill said that “the actions taken by the NYPD were wrong.”There is more information about gay rights activism at a resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page on The Stonewall Uprising.

Suggested Learning Activities

  • Compare and Contrast
    • Educators and historians use different terms when referring to the Stonewall events. The Zinn Education Project and the Stanford History Education Group have called them the Stonewall Riotswhile the Anti-Defamation League and the PBS Learning Media have referred to the Stonewall Uprising.  
    • Which term would you use to characterize the events and why would you use that term?
  • Assess the Impact
    • The New York Times called Stonewall a turning point for the gay civil rights movement.
    • Why was this the case? Why might that not be so?

Online Resources for the Stonewall Riots

2.2. UNCOVER: Mother Jones and the March of the Mill Children (1903)

Mary Harris Jones, also known as “Mother Jones,” was a labor activist who fought for the rights of child workers (Who Was “Mother” Jones?). In 1902, she was called the “most dangerous woman in America” because of her activism on behalf of workers (The Most Dangerous Woman in America? The Mock Trial of Mary Harris “Mother Jones”).

Workers Memorial Day Poster 2010
Workers’ Memorial Day poster Pray for the dead and fight like hell for the living. – Mary Harris “Mother” Jones
(Credit: Image is the work of the United States Department of Labor under the terms of Title 17, Chapter 1, Section 105 of the US Code and the DOL copyright policy/ Public Domain)

In her 1903 March of the Mill Children, Mother Jones walked nearly 100 miles in three weeks from the city of Philadelphia to the Long Island home of President Teddy Roosevelt, but Roosevelt refused to see them or respond directly to her demands for a reduced 55-hour workweek and the elimination of night work by women and children.

Young Girl in a Mill 1908
Young Girl in a Mill, 1908
 Photo by Lewis W. Hine, 1908 | Public Domain

The March of the Mill Children is credited with changing child labor laws in some states, although nationwide protection of young workers did not come about till the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.

Suggested Learning Activities

Online Resources for Mother Jones and Child Labor Laws

2.3. UNCOVER: Dakota Access Pipeline Standing Rock Sioux Uprising

In 2016, a company called Energy Transfer Partners sought permission to build the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL) through Bismarck, North Dakota. The pipeline would carry fracked shale oil from the Bakken Oil fields located in parts of Montana, North Dakota, and Saskatchewan and Manitoba, Canada. Bismarck, a predominantly White city, rejected the Energy Transfer Partners proposal so the company decided to reroute the pipeline through Standing Rock Sioux Tribe’s reservation lands.
Based on the 1851 & 1868 Fort Laramie Treaties, the land on which the Dakota Access Pipeline was to be constructed was sovereign territory of the Standing Rock Sioux Nation. However, the federal government chose not to recognize the 1851 Treaty. Instead, the United States Army Corps of Engineers claimed that the land was theirs and the pipeline could be built through it.  
As part of the project plan, the pipeline was to go underneath Lake Oahe—the main source of drinking water for the Standing Rock Sioux tribe and a main tributary of the Missouri River. This was what became the rallying cry of the members of the Standing Rock Sioux as they mobilized against the pipeline.

Letters from children at Standing Rock Community High School
Letters from children at Standing Rock Community High School during the Dakota Access Pipeline protests
Credit: Image from Becker1999  Licensed under CC BY 2.0

The protests delayed the pipeline project until the Trump Administration gave clearance for the project to proceed in 2017. The pipeline was completed in April 2017. There is more information at a resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page on the DAPL Standing Rock Sioux Uprising (2016-2017). 

Suggested Learning Activity

  • Assess the Impact
    • In what ways does the #NoDAPL Struggle against the Dakota Access Pipeline resemble long standing legacies of oppression toward Native peoples?*
    • Was the fight against DAPL a failure? In what ways was it a success?*
    • What does it mean to support the rights of indigenous peoples in the 21st century?*

*Questions submitted by Christoper Oo

Online Resources for Standing Rock Pipeline Uprising

3. ENGAGE: How Can Books and Music Express Political Protests?

Anti-War Literature and Protest Music are ways for writers and musical artists to convey their views of society and their visions for change.

Street_Scene_in_Dresden_Germany_1945
Street Scene in Dresden, Germany (1945) 
Dresden was the setting for Kurt Vonnegut’s novel Slaughterhouse 5 
by Roger Rössing is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de

Some of the 20th century’s most compelling literature address the brutalities of war and the necessities of peace: All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque; Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut; Catch 22 by Joseph Heller; In the Lake of the Woods and The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien; and an entire genre of anti-war novels by women writers (see 50 Novels By Women Writers On Conflict, Displacement And Resilience).
There is more information at a resourcesforhistoryteachers wiki page forAntiwar Literature and Protest Songs. The wiki also includes an historical biography page for Langston Hughes, Poet, Playwright and Civil Rights Activist.

Billie Holiday recorded the song Strange Fruit in 1939
Billie Holiday recorded the song Strange Fruit in 1939 to protest violence and racism against African Americans
Credit:  Portrait of Billie Holiday between 1946 to 1948 from the Library of Congress/Public Domain

Protest music conveys ideas and emotions in ways that change minds and provoke actions. From Billie Holiday singing the song Strange Fruit which was named song of the century by Time magazine in 1999 to contemporary rap and hip-hop artists, music is a powerful force for change. The 2015 song Alright by Kendrick Lamar expresses his protest against police violence toward Black people. Alicia Key’s 2020 song Perfect Way to Die was inspired by the killings of Mike Brown and Sandra Bland. Rap artists DaBaby, Rapsody, and Lil Baby also wrote searing songs embracing Black Lives Matter Movement.
Protest music is widely associated with the decade of the 1960s. Young people took to the streets to protest against the War in Vietnam and for civil rights for African Americans at home. Rock ‘n’ Roll Music was a constant soundtrack for these protests, its  rhythm and beat defied convention and encouraged open expression of ideas and emotions. Yet rock ‘n’ roll music, made famous by White artists like Elvis Presley had its origins in soul music and rhythm and blues performed by Black musicians and singers, the contributions of whom have been lost or neglected by the history books. Students today do not know about the genre-breaking work of artists like Little Richard, Bo Diddley, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Chuck Berry and more. Watch here as Big Mama Thorton performs the song “Hound Dog” in 1971.
You can discover a wide range of music expressing social themes on American Anthem, an NPR series about music and change.

Media Literacy Connections: Music as Protest Art

Focus Question: How can music be a powerful medium to express social and political protest? 

From the American Revolutionary era to the Black Lives Matter protests in the summer of 2020, music has been at the center of expressing protest and speaking to social unrest. “Yankee Doodle” is widely regarded as the first American protest song, though it was originally written by British soldiers to mock the Americans and then adopted by the colonists as a rallying song for revolution. “Free America” was another one of the first protest songs, written by Joseph Warren, the man who enlisted Paul Revere and William Dawes to spread the alarm that the British were coming on April 18, 1775.

Activity 1: Remix Lyrics into Your Own Protest Song

  • Review The History of American Protest Music, from “Yankee Doodle” to Kendrick Lamar, Vox, May 22, 2017.
  • Remix song lyrics from a playlist of historical American protest songs into your own song of protest for an issue of interest to you today. Songs you might include:
    • Go Down Moses
    • John Brown’s Body
    • The Battle Hymn of the Republic
    • Strange Fruit
    • This Land Is Your Land
    • Blowin’ in the Wind
    • A Change is Going to Come

Activity 2: Analyze Contemporary Political Songs on Social Media

  • Ask students to find a song that expresses political protest.
  • Research the song:
    • What is the main political message behind the lyrics?
    • What was the social and cultural context of the song?
    • What impact did the song make?
  • Search this song on social media, including TikTok and Youtube. What are some ways young people engage with the song? What kind of comments do they get from posting the song? Does sharing the song on social media help raise awareness of the political issue? (e.g. some young people might create TikTok videos using the song to express their political view on certain things). 

Additional Resources: 

Suggested Learning Activity

Online Resources for Protest Through Books and Music

Standard 4.12 Conclusion

Political protests can be both peaceful and violent. INVESTIGATE examined the philosophy of civil disobedience of Mohandas Gandhi, Henry David Thoreau, and Martin Luther King, Jr. to demonstrate how nonviolent protests can generate lasting change. UNCOVER looked at the labor activist Mother Jones and the March of the Mill Children, the Stonewall Uprising, and the Standing Rock Pipeline Protest as impactful events in struggles for the rights of children, LGBTQIA people, and Native Americans. ENGAGE asked how anti-war literature and protest songs serve as ways for people to express their ideas for change.

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